ALTERNATOR GEN LAMP CIRCUIT MODIFICATIONS
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genlampresistor.htm
article #19
Purpose of this modification: After
the modification, the alternator will still charge, even if the GEN lamp
burns out (rarely that happens however) or if the GEN lamp printed circuit
material does not connect to the lamp properly, etc.
NOTE!...This modification has been done by many in past
decades...and the 'accepted value' has generally been 470 ohms. Herein I
will expand upon the that resistor value determination. I will
show that a slightly lower value is slightly better and makes an
improvement in the rpm at which charging as a slight bonus for
doing the modification.
General comments about 'modifications': As a general rule, the 'factory knows best' is a fairly accurate statement. However, few of
us have UNmodified motorcycles. Our bikes are a reflection of our personal
desires, and, thusly often modified. Most of you are aware that I am NOT in favor of many of
the modifications that we all see or hear about. Some of these modifications, which I have
done myself, are not, in my mind, very economical...or...do less than is often
believed, or, are not good ideas in general. I try to be
honest, describe all sides of any controversy or what can happen
with any modification.
So...what about this alternator GEN LAMP modification?...well...if done
INcorrectly, it will reduce reliability...you could damage the
instrument 'printed' wiring connection board...or produce a potential short circuit under the gas tank...etc. ...AND, *these lamps
seldom fail*. Unfortunately, most folks never inspect them for sagging filaments, a sign of impending failure. When they do fail,
they fail at rather inopportune times. So...I am not necessarily recommending this
modification....BUT, I have done it to my own BMW airhead bikes.
Theory: If the GEN lamp fails, rare as that may be, you will
USUALLY not have any charging. At key turn-on to the RUN position, the battery positive
(+) connects to the ignition switch, then from that switch electricity goes through the GEN lamp, and then through the voltage regulator,
to the Df rotor brush. A small current flows, due to the internal resistance
of the lamp, and some resistance in the voltage regulator, and that
small current travels through the Df rotor
brush and slip ring, into the rotor, back out the D- slip ring and brush, and thence to
chassis ground, making a complete circuit for the current flowing in
the alternator rotor. The alternator, once the rotor is spinning fast enough, will begin producing useful output, but the rotor must be FIRST slightly magnetized by the above circuit,
until such rpm is reached that the alternator
self-energizes. Do NOT depend on hearsay that 5000 rpm or so
will allow charging due to some residual magnetism in the rotor. While sometimes possible, you can NOT depend on this!
While you COULD do some temporary jumper wiring or other things to get the alternator
operating in the case of a burned out lamp, it is far messier than what is
proposed below; which is permanent. The modification described below allows the lamp to fail and you
still get charging...and you can replace the lamp elsewhere's than by the side of the road during a downpour.
NOTE that if you should have a wiring failure in the lamp
circuit, this resistor modification MAY not help; depending on
where and how you install the resistor.
For the anal types, here is some additional explanation, the actual circuit routing being a bit more complex than
described above. One side of the GEN lamp is fed by the battery after the ignition switch, and the other side of
the lamp connects to the alternator output of the positive output
of three SMALL diodes on the diode board. That point is
also "D+" on the voltage regulator. When the alternator is not spinning, or spinning
slowly, let us say under 1200 rpm or so, the alternator output is essentially zero. The lamp will then be lighted, as the battery
current flows through it and then through the regulator and rotor, to engine case ground (battery negative). Once the alternator
stator output increases enough, the three small diodes rectify the stator output
(rectify means to change a.c. to d.c.) and the voltage on BOTH sides of the lamp is now approximately the same,
AND the SAME polarity (+) and the lamp has so little voltage drop
"across"
it, that it appears UNlighted. The lamp will NOT supply
nearly enough current to fully energize the rotor when large outputs from the
alternator are required..., that function is one that the small diodes
do, supplying the several amperes needed.
A dim lamp at a relatively modest to high rpm usually means some sort of corrosion at some connector(s), or a bad rotor or brushes. A bad battery can also cause the alternator to produce a very large output in such a way that the lamp might glow dimly. A bright lamp at riding rpm USUALLY means an open or shorted rotor or bad regulator, or a bad diode board, and likely there is no charging (no alternator output) at all.
***NOTE: When one or both brushes is worn enough, the snail spring that
supplies pressure onto the brush may begin to contact the plastic brush holder,
and reduce pressure on the brush. This quite often shows up as the brush
nears the end of life, as noticeable
GEN lamp lighting (dimly) with slight increase in brightness, as rpm
rises. The reason for this is the SLIGHT wobble (called runout) of the
rotor...which moves the brushes in and out ever so slightly, and the snail spring
is also slightly bottoming and cannot fully follow the brush
movement.
Brushes are 16.5 mm long when new, from square end to middle of concave end, and
are worthless once the spring contacts the holder. Brush life
depends on riding conditions....dust, dirt....and how much output the alternator
is called upon to produce over time. Generally, 60-80,000
miles.
The modification consists of installing one common, and
quite INexpensive standard electronic part called a resistor.
I ran tests for the optimum value for this resistor modification for the GEN (alternator, really) lamp circuit.
Any incandecent lamp has a modest low resistance when cold (UNlit)
and that resistance increases a fair amount when the lamp lights
up. Whilst a nerdy point, perhaps, it was taken into
account.
The resistor,
which substitutes for the lamp if the lamp or lamp connection fails, is connected across the GEN lamp electrically, but not necessarily mechanically at the lamp
itself (or its socket).
There are TWO methods to do this that I approve of:
Method #1. Neatly clean the area and solder the resistor across
the GEN lamp socket wiring itself. The resistor should be secure from vibration by cementing it with a
very tiny bit of silicone RTV or
similar. Very short lead lengths, you do not need leads vibrating nor shorting
to anything. The resistor will produce a small amount of heat during the time the bulb is normally lit, but this is seldom over
a minute in duration at a stop sign, and in any event, the heat amount is small...especially with a 470 ohm value. Those installing the resistor inside the instrument pod and across the printed circuit material might well use the 470 ohm
value, considering the heat, but I have successfully used a lower resistance
value there; read onwards.
Method #2. Install the resistor from the terminal of the ignition coil that connects to the battery circuit. This is the terminal that has the green/blue wire. There is often an unused male spade connector available there. Connect the other side of the resistor to either of the blue wires coming out of the voltage regulator plug [this is D+]. You need to do this neatly, with no chance of bare wires, nor vibration breaking them. Insulate the resistor and wiring with shrink tubing, and use proper all-plastic wire-ties, as required. This may be a preferred point of attachment, to avoid damaging the flexible circuit at the lamp (if you have a later bike with the instrument pod, not a /5), especially for the lower resistance values for the last little bit of performance. But I have never seen overheating from the use of the lower values at the pod. Mounting the resistor as in this method #2 creates less chance for ham-fisted folks to damage that thin flexible printed circuit board. The drawback of Method #2 is that there are probably more chances for messy workmanship. However, those with pods that have the printed circuit material can easily use an Xacto knife to carefully remove some insulation on the printed material and solder to the PC quite successfully.
This modification can be done to a stock /5, which is somewhat different, no
PC of course, but the same situation applies to the GEN lamp. ...and can be
done at the voltage regulator in the same sort of manner.
Resistor discussion: Nearly any type of resistor may be used. It can be the
old-fashioned type called 'carbon composition', or any modern type of 'film' or 'deposited carbon' type....or even a 'wire wound' type.
The resistor value CAN be 470 ohms, but my tests indicate that 330 ohms is better;
and perhaps
better yet, with the lower resistance rotors that are on the
later airheads and most rewound rotors..
**All BMW alternators from all years on our Airheads can use the same value resistance, even though
three different rotor resistance's were used over the years, because the resistor value is
very roughly a hundred times higher than
any rotor resistance.
Resistors NORMALLY come in certain 'standard' values, you could use 270; 300; 330; 360; 390; 470...but I prefer the 330 value, as a
good compromise between charging characteristics and heat produced. Too much heat MIGHT (not WILL) injure the instrument
pod parts...if that is where you mount it, over the long term. Never seen
it happen though...remember that the resistor is only energized at ANY heat
producing level at the same time the lamp would normally be brightly lit...that
is.....when the alternator is not spinning and the ignition is on (pre-starting)...OR; when the alternator is at a low
rpm, idle or somewhat above. Under the very worst conditions I can think of, a 330 ohm resistor would produce about 0.6 watt. If
you want to be ultra sure of not damaging the printed material, and you will be mounting the resistor at the printed circuit socket, then use a
470 ohm resistor, which will produce only about 0.4 watt under the worst
conditions.
The resistor should be rated at 1 watt or more, thus it will essentially last forever.
However, most modifications have used the smaller physical size of a 1/2 watt
resistor, and I have NEVER heard of any failing. If you try to use a resistor size of more
than 5 watts you may have problems fitting it into your instrument area or neatly installing it under your gas tank.
There is no need for such a large physical size.
NOTE: For those that are interested in the energizing current
value into the rotor, with the engine off, ignition switch on,
GEN lamp lit, it is about 1/5th ampere. The resistor itself passes little of that, typically around
.040 ampere or so, and you can see that the vast majority is passed by the lamp. If the lamp burns out, the much smaller
resistor-allowed current will initially adequately energize the rotor.
You will not notice any change in the operation of the GEN lamp, no brightness change, etc.
Revisions:
04/11/2003: add .htm title; edit for clarity, adding more information on
snail spring bottoming and other such.
02/06/2004: clarifications on wording, nothing at all substantial
11/22/2009: more clarifications.